A highly protective vaccine will greatly facilitate achieving and sustaining malaria elimination. Understanding mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity is crucial for developing vaccines with high efficacy. Here, we identify key roles in humoral immunity for Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) interactions and opsonic phagocytosis of sporozoites. We identify a major role for neutrophils in mediating phagocytic clearance of sporozoites in peripheral blood, whereas monocytes contribute a minor role. Antibodies also promote natural killer cell activity. Mechanistically, antibody interactions with FcγRIII appear essential, with FcγRIIa also required for maximum activity. All regions of the circumsporozoite protein are targets of functional antibodies against sporozoites, and N-terminal antibodies have more activity in some assays. Functional antibodies are slowly acquired following natural exposure to malaria, being present among some exposed adults, but uncommon among children. Our findings reveal targets and mechanisms of immunity that could be exploited in vaccine design to maximize efficacy.The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ERα) and agents targeting this pathway represent the main treatment modality. Endocrine therapy has proven successful in the treatment of hormone-responsive breast cancer since its early adoption in the 1940s as an ablative therapy. Unfortunately, therapeutic resistance arises, leading to disease recurrence and relapse. Recent studies increased our understanding in how changes to the chromatin landscape and deregulation of epigenetic factors orchestrate the resistant phenotype. Here, we will discuss how the epigenome is an integral determinant in hormone therapy response and why epigenetic factors are promising targets for overcoming clinical resistance.In viscous, organic-rich aerosol particles containing iron, sunlight may induce anoxic conditions that stabilize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and carbon-centered radicals (CCRs). In laboratory experiments, we show mass loss, iron oxidation and radical formation and release from photoactive organic particles containing iron. Our results reveal a range of temperature and relative humidity, including ambient conditions, that control ROS build up and CCR persistence in photochemically active, viscous organic particles. learn more We find that radicals can attain high concentrations, altering aerosol chemistry and exacerbating health hazards of aerosol exposure. Our physicochemical kinetic model confirmed these results, implying that oxygen does not penetrate such particles due to the combined effects of fast reaction and slow diffusion near the particle surface, allowing photochemically-produced radicals to be effectively trapped in an anoxic organic matrix.T-cell immunity is important for recovery from COVID-19 and provides heightened immunity for re-infection. However, little is known about the SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity in virus-exposed individuals. Here we report virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell memory in recovered COVID-19 patients and close contacts. We also demonstrate the size and quality of the memory T-cell pool of COVID-19 patients are larger and better than those of close contacts. However, the proliferation capacity, size and quality of T-cell responses in close contacts are readily distinguishable from healthy donors, suggesting close contacts are able to gain T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 despite lacking a detectable infection. Additionally, asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients contain similar levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell memory. Overall, this study demonstrates the versatility and potential of memory T cells from COVID-19 patients and close contacts, which may be important for host protection.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a cytoprotective redox-active metabolite that signals through protein persulfidation (R-SSnH). Despite the known importance of persulfidation, tissue-specific persulfidome profiles and their associated functions are not well characterized, specifically under conditions and interventions known to modulate H2S production. We hypothesize that dietary restriction (DR), which increases lifespan and can boost H2S production, expands tissue-specific persulfidomes. Here, we find protein persulfidation enriched in liver, kidney, muscle, and brain but decreased in heart of young and aged male mice under two forms of DR, with DR promoting persulfidation in numerous metabolic and aging-related pathways. Mice lacking cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) have overall decreased tissue protein persulfidation numbers and fail to functionally augment persulfidomes in response to DR, predominantly in kidney, muscle, and brain. Here, we define tissue- and CGL-dependent persulfidomes and how diet transforms their makeup, underscoring the breadth for DR and H2S to impact biological processes and organismal health.The discovery of superconductivity above 250 K at high pressure in LaH10 and the prediction of overcoming the room temperature threshold for superconductivity in YH10 urge for a better understanding of hydrogen interaction mechanisms with the heavy atom sublattice in metal hydrides under high pressure at the atomic scale. Here we use locally sensitive X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) to get insight into the nature of phase transitions and the rearrangements of local electronic and crystal structure in archetypal metal hydride YH3 under pressure up to 180 GPa. The combination of the experimental methods allowed us to implement a multiscale length study of YH3 XAFS (short-range), Raman scattering (medium-range) and XRD (long-range). XANES data evidence a strong effect of hydrogen on the density of 4d yttrium states that increases with pressure and EXAFS data evidence a strong anharmonicity, manifested as yttrium atom vibrations in a double-well potential.Berry curvature, the counterpart of the magnetic field in the momentum space, plays a vital role in the transport of electrons in condensed matter physics. It also lays the foundation for the emerging field of topological physics. In the three-dimensional systems, much attention has been paid to Weyl points, which serve as sources and drains of Berry curvature. Here, we demonstrate a toroidal moment of Berry curvature with flux approaching to π in judiciously engineered metamaterials. The Berry curvature exhibits a vortex-like configuration without any source and drain in the momentum space. Experimentally, the presence of Berry curvature toroid is confirmed by the observation of conical-frustum shaped domain-wall states at the interfaces formed by two metamaterials with opposite toroidal moments.