Our findings warrant further study of HNK and its derivatives in overcoming Osim resistance in the clinic. © 2020 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Enteric illnesses remain the second largest source of communicable diseases worldwide, and wild birds are suspected sources for human infection. This has led to efforts to reduce pathogen spillover through deterrence of wildlife and removal of wildlife habitat, particularly within farming systems, which can compromise conservation efforts and the ecosystem services wild birds provide. Further, Salmonella spp. are a significant cause of avian mortality, leading to additional conservation concerns. Despite numerous studies of enteric bacteria in wild birds and policies to discourage birds from food systems, we lack a comprehensive understanding of wild bird involvement in transmission of enteric bacteria to humans. Here, we propose a framework for understanding spillover of enteric pathogens from wild birds to humans, which includes pathogen acquisition, reservoir competence and bacterial shedding, contact with people and food, and pathogen survival in the environment. We place the literature into this frameworn bird faeces will help provide crucial missing information necessary to calculate spillover probability. Addressing these essential knowledge gaps will support policy to reduce enteric pathogen spillover to humans and enhance bird conservation efforts that are currently undermined by unsupported fears of pathogen spillover from wild birds. © 2020 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.BACKGROUND Methyl benzoate (MB) is a small, hydrophobic organic compound isolated from the freshwater fern Salvinia molesta (Salviniales Salviniaceae). It is used as a fragrance and flavor enhancer owing to its pleasant smell. Selleck Degrasyn It has also demonstrated potential as a green pesticide for various groups of insects. However, its effects on mites are yet to be studied. RESULTS Here, we assessed the acaricidal and repellent effects of MB against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari Tetranychidae), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. MB demonstrated concentration-dependent contact toxicity against eggs and adults of the mite. A leaf-dipping assay using 1% MB prevented the hatching of 92.7% of eggs and killed 100% of adults within 48 h of treatment. Concentration-mortality statistics were subjected to probit analysis, and the median lethal concentration (LC50 ) values for eggs and adults were 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively. Treatment with 1% MB showed the highest mortality (100%), with a median lethal time (LT50 ) estimated of 8.1 h. The efficacy of MB against adults of T. urticae on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions was 97.5% within 96 h post-treatment. Further, MB showed significant repellent activity against adult females of T. urticae, although this declined with time. Spraying with 1% MB (three times per plant) was not phytotoxic to bean, cucumber, pepper, or tomato plants. CONCLUSION MB is highly acaricidal and repellent, but not phytotoxic, and is a promising green pesticide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.Over the last decade nanomaterials have had a major impact on human health for the early detection and treatment of many diseases. The future success of clinically translatable nanomaterials lies in the combination of several functionalities to realize a personalized medical experience for patients. To maintain promises, concerns arising from toxic potential and off-target accumulation of nanomaterials must be addressed first. Upon introduction to a complex biological system (e.g., following systemic administration), nanomaterials interact with all the encountered biomolecules and form the protein corona, a complex coating of plasma proteins that provides them with a totally new biological identity. As the protein corona controls the nanomaterial behavior in vivo, a precise knowledge of the relationship between biological identity and physiological response is needed but not yet achieved. Based on impressive progress made thus far, this review critically discusses how the protein corona activates immune response and influences the targeted delivery of nanomaterials. Furthermore, we comment on emerging strategies to manipulate protein binding in order to promote formation of designer artificial coronas and achieve a desired therapeutic outcome. We conclude by debating challenges that must be overcome to obtain widespread clinical adoption of nanomaterials. This article is categorized under Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Melatonin (Me) emerged as an essential molecule in plants, due to its role as a defensive molecule against metals toxicity. Aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) toxicity inhibit the rapeseed seedling growth. In this study, we applied different doses of melatonin (50µM and 100µM) to alleviate the Al (25µM) and Cd (25µM) stress in rapeseed seedlings. Results showed that Al (25µM) and Cd (25µM) caused toxicity in rapeseed seedling evidenced by decreasing in height, biomass, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Exogenous melatonin increased the expression of melatonin biosynthesis-related Brassica napus genes Caffeic acid, O-methyl transferase (BnCOMT) under Al and Cd stress. The genes BnCOMT-1, BnCOMT-5, and BnCOMT-8 showed up-regulated expression while BnCOMT-4 and BnCOMT-6 were down-regulated during incubation in water. Melatonin application increased the germination rate; shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings. Melatonin supplementation under Al and Cd stress, increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline, chlorophyll, anthocyanin contents and photosynthetic rate. Cd and Al treatments significantly increased the endogenous hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rapeseed seedlings, which was strictly counterbalanced by melatonin. Analysis of Cd and Al in different subcellular compartments exposed that melatonin enhanced cell wall and soluble fractions of Al and Cd while reduced in the vacuole and organelle fractions. These results suggest that melatonin-induced improvements in antioxidant potential, biomass, photosynthesis rate and successive Cd and Al sequestration and play a pivotal role in plant tolerance to Al and Cd stress. This mechanism may have potential implication in safe food production. © 2020 German Society for Plant Sciences and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands.