Two culture media were tested for the production of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) under static culture fermentation, one containing molasses (Mol-HS), the other molasses and corn steep liquor (Mol-CSL), as a source of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. These are low-cost nutrients widely available, which provide very good BNC productivities. However, the use of these substrates generates wastewaters with high organic loads. Anaerobic digestion is one of the most promising treatments for industrial wastewaters with high organic loads since, beyond removal of the organic matter, it generates energy, in form of biogas. The wastewaters from BNC fermentation were thus evaluated for their biochemical methane potential through anaerobic digestion. For this, two wastewaters streams were collected (i) the culture medium obtained after fermentation (WaF) and (ii) the WaF combined with BNC washing wastewaters (WaW). These two effluents-WaF and WaW-were characterized regarding their chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total and volatile solids, to assess their suitability for anaerobic digestion. The biochemical methane potential of WaF and WaW from Mol-CSL wastewaters was (387 ± 14 L kg-1 VS) and (354 ± 4 L kg-1 VS), corresponding to a methanization percentage of (86.9 ± 3.1) % and (79.5 ± 0.9) %, respectively. After treatment, the chemical oxygen demand of WaF and WaW was reduced by (89.2 ± 0.4) and (88.7 ± 1.5), respectively. An exploratory test using an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor for WaW treatment was also performed. The reactor was operated with a organic loading rate of [(6.5 ± 0.1) g L-1 d-1] and hydraulic retention time of 3.33 days, allowing a chemical oxygen demand removal of 58% of WaW. Results here obtained demonstrate, for the first time, the high potential of AD for the valorisation of the BNC fermentation wastewaters.The development of agro-ecosystems in the pastures of the Pampean Region has substantially modified their structure and functioning. Many wild mammal populations in the Argentinean Pampas face habitat loss and/or fragmentation due to human activities, resulting in harmful genetic effects. The screaming hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus vellerosus) is a species considered an indicator of the state of preservation of the environments it inhabits. However, very little information is available about its mating system in the wild. In this sense, an isolated population of the screaming hairy armadillo in the northeast of Buenos Aires Province, which is separated from the main distribution area of the species by about 500 km, requires special attention. Genetic studies that analyzed social behavior and mating systems in Xenarthra are scarce but necessary to establish conservation actions for the isolated screaming hairy armadillo population under study. Oxidopamine in vitro Thus, we analyzed the existence of a possible social organization in the species, together with its mating system, using a set of previously characterized microsatellites. Our results showed a complex scenario for the dispersal and mating system in this C. vellerosus population. Males disperse and females have a philopatric tendency with some degree of dispersal. This strategy, in combination with a polygynous-polyandrous mating system, could enhance genetic variability in this small and isolated population. In addition, no evidence of social organization was found.Several reports of avian influenza virus (AIV) have been made on commercial chickens and wild birds in sub-Saharan Africa, but there is paucity of information of AIV among captive wild birds and indigenous chickens. Blood samples were obtained randomly from captive wild birds and chickens. AIV nucleoprotein antibody detection involved the use of enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and subsequent subtyping with H5 and H7 AIV antigens (haemagglutination inhibition). Four hundred birds belonging to nine families and 14 species were sampled, and overall prevalence of 23% (92/400) was obtained (captive wild birds (10.4%, 5/48), indigenous birds (47.3%, 87/184) and exotic commercial birds (0.0%, 0/168)). Twelve ELISA-positive birds (13.04%) were positive to H7 antigen. Univariate analysis indicated statistical significance of AIV prevalence in captive wild birds (p  less then  0.0001) and exotic birds (p  less then  0.0001) using indigenous chickens as reference. This study gave an evidence of exposure of captive wild birds and indigenous chickens to AIV in Nigeria. Scavenging activities common among indigenously raised chickens, unrestricted movement of nonflying wild birds within the captive complex and free access by migrating wild birds to captive wild birds and local chickens were likely factors observed to promote AIV transmission. Continuous surveillance can further highlight the roles played by these birds in the epidemiology of AIV.INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases associated with intracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are important public health concern. Emergence of multi and extensively drug-resistant bacterial strains have made it even more obstinate to offset such infections. Bacteria residing within intracellular compartments provide additional barriers to effective treatment. METHOD Information provided in this review has been collected by accessing various electronic databases including Google scholar, Web of science, Scopus, and Nature index. Search was performed using keywords nanoparticles, intracellular targeting, multidrug resistance, Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhimurium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Information gathered was categorized into three major sections as ‘Intracellular targeting of Staphylococcus aureus, Intracellular targeting of Salmonella typhimurium and Intracellular targeting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ using variety of nanocarrier systems. RESULTS Conventional management for infectious diseases typically comprises of long-term treatment with a combination of antibiotics, which may lead to side effects and decreased patient compliance. A wide range of multi-functionalized nanocarrier systems have been studied for delivery of drugs within cellular compartments where bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis reside. Such carrier systems along with targeted delivery have been utilized for sustained and controlled delivery of drugs. These strategies have been found useful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments including multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION Development of multi-functional nanocargoes encapsulating antibiotics that are proficient in targeting and releasing drug into infected reservoirs seems to be a promising strategy to circumvent the challenge of multidrug resistance. Graphical abstract.