Ammonia is an essential chemical for producing fertilizers and energy carriers. However, the industrial Haber-Bosch process causes huge CO2 emissions and energy waste. As a promising alternative for Haber-Bosch process, electrochemical synthesis of ammonia has drawn much attention. Catalysts, as a vital part of electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), have developed rapidly in recent years. Compared to noble-metal catalysts, noble-metal-free catalysts possess a low-cost advantage. In this review, noble-metal-free catalysts, including metal-based materials, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, and metal-free materials, are summarized. In addition, effective design strategies are discussed, along with the main problems and some potential directions of noble-metal-free NRR catalysts. © 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Cardiac hypoxia plays a significant role in various types of heart disease, and improper treatment of hypoxia often leads to myocardial cell damage or even death. Transcriptome profiling and open chromatin mapping have been used as powerful tools to understand the development of heart disease, but the interplay between gene expression and chromatin accessibility has not been extensively investigated in hypoxia-induced cardiac damage. In this study, with HL-1 cardiomyocytes as a model, we performed temporal profiling of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility to show the cardiac responses to hypoxia (for 4 and 8 hr) and reoxygenation (for 24 hr). With RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, we identified a total of 2,912 differentially expressed genes and 3,004 differential peaks across the whole genome and showed that these data were in good agreement with each other. For hypoxia-related genes, we also discovered high correlations between their ATAC-seq signals and mRNA levels, such as VEGF, Angpt1, Slc2a1, Bnip3, and Casp3 with Pearson correlations >0.7. Interestingly, after 24 hr reoxygenation, the expression levels of 235 genes were still significantly different from the counterparts in the control, suggesting that these genes need a longer recovery time after reoxygenation. In conclusion, our study shows the close relationship between alterations of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility after hypoxia exposure and reoxygenation, emphasizing the importance of open chromatin profiling in related studies. In addition, the profiled molecular responses here will be valuable resources for better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for hypoxia-induced heart disease in future. © 2020 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.INTRODUCTIONS When tumor tissue samples are unavailable to search for actionable driver mutations, archival cytology samples can be useful. We investigate whether archival cytology samples can yield reliable genomic information compared to corresponding formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pretreatment class V archival cytology samples with adequate tumor cells were selected from 172 lung cancer patients. The genomic profiles of the primary lung tumors have been analyzed through whole-exome regions of 53 genes. We compared the genomic profiles based on the oncogenicity and variant allele frequency (VAF) between the archival cytology and the corresponding primary tumors. We also analyzed the genomic profiles of serial cytological samples during the treatment of EGFR-TKI. RESULTS A total of 43 patients were analyzed with the paired samples for DNA mutations and other three patients were analyzed for their fusion genes. A total of 672 mutations were detected. Of those, 106 mutations (15.8%) were shared with both samples. Sixty of seventy-seven (77.9%) shared mutations were oncogenic or likely oncogenic mutations with VAF ≧10%. As high as 90% (9/10) actionable driver mutations and ALK and ROS1 fusion genes were successfully detected from archival cytology samples. selleck chemical Sequential analysis revealed the dynamic changes in EGFR-TKI-resistant mutation (EGFR p.T790M) during the course of treatment. CONCLUSION Archival cytology sample with adequate tumor cells can yield genetic information compared to the primary tumors. If tumor tissue samples are unavailable, we can use archival cytology samples to search for actionable driver mutations. © 2020 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.AIM To estimate the association between the inpatient admissions and Emergency Department (ED) visits before age of 18 years and adulthood-onset first-episode psychosis (FEP). METHODS We conducted a FEP incidence and case-control study and calculated the odds ratios (ORs) for incident FEP associated with inpatient admissions and ED visits prior to age of 18 years, adjusting our results for cannabis use, parental socio-economic class and childhood trauma. RESULTS In multivariate logistic regression analysis, odds of FEP increased significantly if the participant had a history of at least one inpatient admission (OR = 3.52; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.07-11.54; P = .04) or at least one ED visit (OR = 8.93; 95%CI 2.41-33.14; P = .001) before age of 18. The associations remained significant adjusting for cannabis use, education, parental socio-economic class and childhood trauma. CONCLUSION Consistently with the socio-neurodevelopmental model, we found a significant association between a positive history of hospital care in childhood and adulthood-onset psychosis. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the smile attractiveness after nonextraction treatment with self-ligating and rapid maxillary expansion (RME), and to compare it to a control group treat with conventional fixed appliances and to evaluate the influence of buccal and posterior corridor areas in smile esthetics. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION The sample consisted of frontal posed smile photographs of patients treated with self-ligating and conventional appliances with and without RME. MATERIAL AND METHODS G1- treated with Damon self-ligating system (n=20), G2- treated with RME and conventional fixed appliances (n=22), G3- treated only with conventional fixed appliances (n=20). A website was created to provide an easy and quick evaluation of the smiles. The evaluators consisted of 70 orthodontists and 55 laypeople. Buccal and posterior corridors areas of each photograph were delimited in Photoshop CS3 and measured in AutoCAD in proportion to the total smile area. One and two-way Anova were used for intergroup comparisons and correlations were investigated with Pearson correlation coefficient.